Immune Insights: Profiling the Response in COVID-19 Affected Individuals
الكلمات المفتاحية:
immune response، lymphocytes، adaptive immunity، COVID-19الملخص
Background: The rapid spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, combined with the varying severity of the disease obviously, has prompted researchers to begin searching for possible indicators of disease outcomes. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to assess the immune response in COVID-19 patients in comparison with controls groups.
Methods: We investigated several immunological measures, including markers of innate immunity as Interferons (IFN) and adaptive immunity as immunoglobulin and lymphocytes, in 50 individuals with COVID-19 illness in comparison to 50 health control. Cytokines were measured in each sample using a custom Milliplex panel. Serum IgG and IgM were detected using the Milliplex MAP SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Panel
Results: lymphocyte counts were significantly lower in patients (0.78 ± 0.29 × 10³/µL) compared to controls (2.85 ± 0.98 × 10³/µL; p = 0.001). Interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) levels were markedly elevated in patients, with a mean of 493.3 ± 142.32 pg/mL versus 259.9 pg/mL in controls (p = 0.005). monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) levels were significantly higher in the patient group, (578.94 ± 145.32 pg/Ml) compared to (365.54 ± 120.01 pg/mL) in controls (p = 0.015). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) also demonstrated significant elevation in patients, with a mean of 143.7 ± 15.65 pg/mL compared to 37.0 ± 14.52 pg/mL in controls (p = 0.047). There was a decreased concentrations of serum PD-1 on CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ in the Control group compared to COVID-19 with statistically significant difference (p = 0.001* and 0.041*respectively).
Conclusion: The immune system plays an important role in slowing the progression of COVID-19 to more serious stages of the illness. SARS-CoV-2 infection activates both innate and adaptive immune responses. The development of immune-modulating medicines that seek to stop or regulate the cytokine appears to be the most effective available weapons against COVID-19.
