Political Division in Libya and Its Impact on the Effectiveness of Foreign Policy from 2011 to 2025

Abstract

This study addresses the impact of the political division that has persisted since 2011 on the institutions of the Libyan state. It employs a descriptive analytical methodology based on reviewing literature and official and international reports, extracting indicators related to governance, services, political, financial, and security stability. The results show that the duality of power and the existence of parallel institutions have led to a disintegration of the hierarchy of powers, a decline in coordination between sectors, and weak planning and execution of public policies. Additionally, the duality of financial institutions and the lack of oversight and control have undermined economic stability, increased transaction costs, and caused conflicting decisions. From a security perspective, the division has enhanced the variation of loyalties within the security and military apparatuses, weakening the state's monopoly on the use of force and expanding the influence of armed groups. This has negatively impacted citizens' trust, eroded institutional legitimacy, and hindered reform processes and the achievement of stability in the Libyan state.