Transitional Justice and the Challenges of Democratic Transition in Libya after the February 2011 Revolution

Abstract

This study examines the trajectory of transitional justice in Libya following the February 2011 revolution, emphasizing its role as a cornerstone for truth-seeking, victim redress, and national reconciliation. Despite its significance, the process has been hindered by political polarization, weak state institutions, and the overlap between security imperatives and democratic transition requirements. Accordingly, the research addresses two central questions: To what extent has transitional justice shaped aspirations for democratic transition in post-revolution Libya? And how have the failures of implementing transitional justice contributed to obstructing democratic transformation? Adopting both a descriptive approach—to outline the Libyan context and institutional mechanisms—and an analytical-critical approach—to evaluate local, regional, and international political positions—the study highlights the profound challenges undermining the pursuit of transitional justice. Findings reveal that legislative and institutional mechanisms have failed to establish an effective legal framework for transitional justice, while entrenched political divisions, the dominance of armed groups, and the influence of financial elites have further weakened state institutions and jeopardized national security. The study concludes that the shortcomings in realizing transitional justice have not only delayed democratic transition but also reinforced instability by empowering non-state actors over legitimate institutions. These outcomes underscore the urgent need for inclusive political will and legal reforms capable of restoring the rule of law and advancing Libya’s democratic aspirations.